Hirnuvahamsteri
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Feb 19, 2026 8:07 PM
Hirnuvahamsteri
39708
1256
32
ILOVEVAGlNANOMNOMNOMNOM
Lol, everybody knows it's Chechnya
NotACanadian
Getting pregnant, finding plugs, and developing severe psychological issues to name a few. It's a versatile institution!
yingjun
I know it as the Czech Republic, but no biggie
MosquitoHawker
Fuck I hate how right he is. But he’s right.
skizzit
US school only teach kids how to pass tests so the schools can justify their funding. Learning? Pffft.
cousteau
I'm more interested about whether it's Czechia already or we should still be calling it the Czech Republic. There seems to be some confusion on that…
Antifalalalala
Yes actually, they are also a political football that the right-wing in the US kick from one side of the field to the other never intending to do anything other than score political points with.
ArdentNature
Uhm, yes they are! They're also a great place for early indoctrination of the bible.
ChefBrooke7029
I'm ashamed that this Savage comment is completely on point
TyrCarter
No, they're not. I've met a bunch of americans and the holes in their knowledge about what's outside of dumbfuckistan are baffling
TyrCarter
along with their lack of knowlege of math, physics, biology and basically every other area of consequence
FreePalestineAndTheWorldFromIsrael
That's a sick burn. 10/10
OrionJC
If you're old enough to remember Czechoslovakia, you should know (roughly) when it changed. Maybe not the how/why/etc., but you should have a general idea when an Eastern European country might have domestic political turmoil.
somebackup
Oh man, I was gonna defend them and be all like "Czech Republic" is the official name, they just prefer Czechia now... Then I saw it was the presplit name. Yikes
organiclife3
The general use of Czechia instead of Czech Republic is pretty new.
Bundalicious
Once Mrs McMahon unveils her national plan for USA schools, they will be used as WWE training grounds.
NotThatPrivate
We go to war to teach Americans Geography
DiracsDelta
January 1st 1993. The velvet divorce.
FortifiedWhine
My friend went on a school exchange in Tennessee in high school. One of her teachers exclaimed in class when she introduced herself, "You're from Australia? You speak really good English..." One of her TEACHERS!
0xDEC0DE
I live in Australia, and have to listen to these sheep-shaggers try and speak English daily. I'm sure the teacher was serious.
FortifiedWhine
Harsh, are you Australian yourself?
ProfessorVanDiggenSagg
Of course they are! Indoctrination as just one example.
McBzz
Wait until they hear about Slovakia!
QuartzPoker
A lot of Americans are under so much stress that our brains are fried. Been that way since 2008.
Subsound
A dog learns faster than that
sometimesarobot
1992
And old people still fuck this up.
noReallyIamPrincessBob
Hey, quit calling me old!
ProfessorVanDiggenSagg
I mean, the US deported some dude to Jugoslavija last month, so... yeah.
Kennleth
Told you time travel was real! :D
Hekatombe
It happened not long after Bonn stopped being the capital of Germany... I wonder if those two events are related
SalmonTheWise
Now that you mention it, it's odd that not a single athlete from East Germany qualified this year. They usually have strong showing.
00110001001110010011100000110100
I think it was wall week.
Snowflake1942
Well about three years after wall week.
kkanne20
Last I heard (many years ago) it split from Czechoslovakia to the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Honestly never heard "Czechia" before...
Alozar
I've heard it and seen it on maps but when I brought it up to my friend who is from there she seemed perplexed and had never heard of such a thing, lol.
gman003
It's been the recommended short name since the split (mirroring the Czech "Česko"), and continues to be the official recommendation of the Czech government, but English sources weirdly insisted on "the Czech Republic". I do not understand why - nobody is out there insisting on only calling it "the French Republic" instead of "France". There's no ambiguity, the way we have to distinguish the Republic of the Congo from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Just a weird mystery.
somebackup
Czechia is newish. And yes, on some hyper official documents, France is "the French Republic", not just France
gman003
Yes, most countries have "official names" that usually declare their type of government (Canada is the only exception I know of). But most countries also have a short name for use in less formal contexts.
dohcohv
Maybe gets confused with similar sounding Chechnya.
Also it could be random, like why we call Germany Germany and not Deutschland, which sounds close to dutch-land.
Honestly who knows with English.
KremlinOfAges
Reminds me of something else...
cousteau
I thought the officially recommended one was "Czech Republic" until like 2016 when they went with "Czechia", but now nobody will call it the new thing.
cousteau
Good news everyone, I didn't completely made that up! I'm not entirely crazy yet.
cousteau
There's even an entire article about the name, with a whole section about the change. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_the_Czech_Republic#Adoption_of_Czechia
gman003
Yes, they started pushing harder for it in 2016, but as your own Wikipedia screenshot shows, they were recommending "Czechia" from the beginning.
cousteau
Yeah I didn't say I didn't make it up at all, just that I didn't make up *all* of it 😅 The part about something happening in 2016 was true at least; I didn't hallucinate it or something. (I misunderstood/misremembered most of it though)
YoureADaisyIfYouDo
The split happened in 1992. The person in the PFP looks like they could be 53 or older. One may reasonably assume they finished their schooling before Czechia existed.
Snowflake1942
But probably unreasonable to assume they read the news or read anything since they finished schooling?
cousteau
Yeah, it's not as far fetched as the "Are you watching the soccer final, grandpa?" "Who's playing?" "Austria–Hungary." "Against who?"
DukeDarkwood
If they stopped learning new things when they graduated from school, then 'reasonable' is one of the last words I'd use to describe them. The world doesn't stop changing when they receive their diploma, or even their degree.
I've known about the split for a long time, but only TODAY learned the Czech Republic is now Czechia. Going forward, I am now more aware than I was yesterday.
LordHelmetTheThird
Sure, but news still exist, right? I mean, unless they just watch Fox...
FiftyShadesOfArugula
So did I (born in 1970), but the collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the subsequent dissolution of the former USSR and several other socialist republics was a pretty big historical deal and covered by news outlets all over the globe. To be fair, I'd have trouble listing the all the (six?) countries that Yugoslavia broke up into. But Czechoslovakia's split down the middle is pretty easy to remember. After all, you can pretty much split the former name in two
DukeDarkwood
Rockapella did exactly that in singings of the Carmen Sandiego game show theme in showings they had done after the show concluded.
Before: "Chicago to Czechoslovakia and back!"
After: "Chicago to Czech and Slovakia and back!"
ontarioOT
To be fair to the person posting the question originally, the use of Czechia in things like international sports is recent, maybe in the past 2-3 years (?).
https://www.timeout.com/news/the-czech-republic-is-changing-its-name-heres-why-022123
Zobbie
I know it is Czech Republic
CALAMOSCOPYJANE
But it was the Czech Republic for around 30 years.
UprootedGrunt
Yes, this is kind of like Turkiye in that regard. That one still throws me off every time I see it.
WillCorrectInaccuraciesForFood
This article makes me picture a little guy saying "please call me Czechia; Czech Republic is my father"
cousteau
It's like they went with "Czech Republic" at some point and have been regretting it since.
Hirnuvahamsteri
Likely ongoing Olympics
LangleyofMappe
That's make sense if he had said ' Czech Republic ' instead of Czechoslovakia.
DukeDarkwood
Yeah, I knew Czechoslovakia had split LONG ago, but until this post, I thought the one was still called the Czech Republic. I'll have to keep it in mind going forward.
LupusLilium
Honestly what little I know of those two countries (because I knew they split) was that they were effectively created from the Czechoslovak Legion. And I only really know this because they were one of the few (if only I think) landlocked nations who instigated a naval battle and won.
notreallyaclevername
I was going to say this. I didn't know it was called Czechia, I've always known it as the Czech Republic.
Strategicgnomer
No they first passed legislation to change it about 8-9 years ago, I remember we were letting a room out in our old place to some Czechs who told us about it when it happened. I've been calling it Czechia ever since, much to the confusion of many.
2graves
From multiple sources apparently since 2016 but... Wec
CertifiedBonerDonor
How is it pronounced?
CJAW
Also, anyone that would have known it while it was czechoslavakia would be out of grade school for a few decades now
Zange0
Yeah, but also look at the account's picture, whichever one it is has been out of grade school for quite a bit.
shitheadtookmyname
No one in grade school was talking about Europe much. In the USA you finish grade school like age 10. My daughter talks a lot about Latin America here in Texas at age 9 in school, her European knowledge is bc of family and vacation. She knows Germany and France.
CJAW
By grade school I meant k through 12. That being said, we definitely talked about ancient European cultures in elementary school, but definitely not modern Europe until middle school. I actually learned about czechoslovakia in 6th grade because my girlfriend's (whatever that meant at 11 years old) grandparents were czechoslovakian. At that point, the countries had only been separated around a decade.
shitheadtookmyname
Oh ok then for your reference grade school is through fifth grade and is aka primary school. After that is secondary school.
CJAW
Sometimes naming stuff is so dumb. There's no reason for elementary school to have 3 names (primary, elementary, and grade). Even worse when secondary school means middle/high school and secondary education means college. How do we not have a term for schooling between the ages 5 and 18? Don't even get me started on middle school vs junior high. Clearly, this is why American schools are failing. /S
Vercury
When I was in high school (over 15 years ago now) it was the Czech Republic, but if the Czechs would prefer their nation be called Czechia, I see no reason not to respect that request.
0xDEC0DE
I did see an honest-to-god Czech claim once that it was some politician that pushed the change to make a name for themselves, nobody really wanted it, they all think it's bullshit and kind of hate it. But that was just one asshole on the Internet, the reality on the ground could be different
FrancisWithWolves
Nope, my wife is Czech, she can't stand it being called Czechia. Same with the extended family and all her friends. But in fairness, they could all be assholes, but my kind of assholes :-)
jamiedBreaker
Which name would your wife prefer for her country? I'm one of the stupid Americans who didn't know, so I might as well start over right now
ProjectDA
im interested too.
FrancisWithWolves
Czech Republic is the preferred name, I feel that is with the majority of Czech people too
DVSBSTrD
And maybe I'm just too American myself, but Czechia doesn't feel like a complete word.
zagibu
Okay. It is a complete word, though, so maybe adjust your feelings towards this reality.
truthader
🧊 🔥 🏆
TektronixTDS360
Yes but before that it was Czech Republic. Czechoslovakia hasn't been a thing since 1989, much like unrelated Belgian techno anthem "Pump Up The Jam"
SJBSavageInk
We don't really get a lot of news about them though either so if they're older than 89, they might not have learned those names so unless someone tells you it changed. You just wouldn't know. Honestly, I'm pretty sure they were still calling it Czechoslovakia even in the early 90s. Depends when the schools last updated their maps. 😂 Don't forget Google maps wasn't a thing until the 2000s too. Same with smart phones.
Yakeshinu
Rogahar
My high school biology teacher was from Czechoslovakia, and lived there up until the name changed and (afaik for unrelated reasons) her parents moved to the UK. She'd curse in Czech when we really got on her nerves and then refused to translate for us because she knew we reeeeeally wanted to know some foreign swearwords lol
GoCorral
The Trivial Pursuit board game I learned geography for also hasn't been updated since 1989.
shitheadtookmyname
The OP Avatar looks like he graduated high school before 1989
Onisa
To be fair, the Berlin Wall fell the year I was born but I still had schoolbooks with East and West Germany almost a decade later.
IHaveGreatKittenRecipes
Same age here. My teachers for middle school printed out packets with the updated info cause we had textbooks so old the Cuban Missile Crisis was a future event.
ourari
ourari
ourari
Etherealvalentine
Top tier
mikeatike
Front left guy has it going on.
SlydFox
https://media3.giphy.com/media/v1.Y2lkPWE1NzM3M2U1bWNxamxrbWxxaTViM3oyeWhlcWRidXdmc2JpbHlqY2dnZHYyZnZ1OSZlcD12MV9naWZzX3NlYXJjaCZjdD1n/CRSHcFwve0LMA/200w.webp
Pinky135
Hello miss Cunk
sirbartonslady
Czechia? I thought it was The Czech Republic? Clearly I am an ignorant American who pays no attention to the rest of the world, but that IS news to me that they're called Czechia.
NeynasGhost
I may be wrong as I was really bad at geography when I was in school and that was years ago, but I THINK it's kind of a translation issue? Like how the country we call Germany calls itself Deutschland. Also Türkiye would like us to start spelling their name correctly instead of making turkey jokes.
TheWombatStrikesAgain
There can be more than one correct answer.
0xDEC0DE
You might want to sit down for this one, but the Turks have also asked everyone to start calling their country "Türkiye", since that's how they spell it.
Also, Ukraine has asked everyone to stop calling their capital city "Kiev", since that's the Russian pronunciation, and call it "Kyiv" instead, to match the Ukranian pronunciation.
Follow me for more fun facts.
shalafi71
I find it weird that only certain countries get a name change. I'm most certain Japan and China don't call themselves that.
RufusPimperton
So, in the cases listed above, these nations took formal action on how they want to be addressed internally. It's the same reason the Ivory Coast shows up as Côte d'Ivoire on maps. Notice that people still say "Ivory Coast," (and Turkey for that matter) because these are the English words for these nations and formal recognition has no bearing on the respective rules of any one language.
NotyouGuillermo
Well, no, China and Japan are the exonyms, but they could ask for the international community to refer to them by their endonyms as well. Any country can ask for it, and hypothetically it will be acknowledged.
(Zhong Guo and Nippon respectively)
shalafi71
Walked this Earth for 5 decades, read a thousand books, still learning new words. I sincerely thank you for that.
WowThatUsernameIsSoOriginal
next question: where does this slovakia team come from?
Picklediddly
The East!
Hekatombe
And are they related to Slovenia?
UneventfulLover
This explains some of it:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars
NotAParsnipInDisguise
Salford.
TeelMoobeel
and where did Istanbul go!?
samanthadlcruz
it's very close to constantinople!
ProjectDA
thata nobodys business but the turks
cousteau
And since when do we have Austria AND Hungary?
MrOne2
https://media3.giphy.com/media/v1.Y2lkPWE1NzM3M2U1eWp5MzAxeWNlZWlnbHVrbmZ2ZTg1c2pwZTRpZ3Bzdm4xN21sN3kyeCZlcD12MV9naWZzX3NlYXJjaCZjdD1n/eFgAp8jV5xJRt2eTwK/200w.webp
gluttonygreedpridewrathslothlustenvy
This one really tickled my Hapsburgs
FortifiedWhine
I remember when there were TWO cities, Buda, and Pest...
FortifiedWhine
What happened to Prussia for that matter??
Frederf
Istanbul?!
FortifiedWhine
You mean Contantinople?
00110001001001111010000110110110011
I think you mean Byzantium.
Thekindofkindlyman
If I move there, do I really have to pay taxes to Bosnia AND Herzegovina?
somnif
Admittedly the last time I had a geography class, Yugoslavia was still a thing. And Zaire. Then things got messy and I lost track.
Foxcross
Same
FortifiedWhine
Yeah though Yugoslavia breaking up was kind of a thing, what with all the war, genocide and war crimes etc
Snooj
Dude, in school I learned that blood was blue until it came in contact with oxygen and that chimps were the only animals besides humans to use tools.
iamthemurray
Not like we were ever taught properly to begin with
CrumpetsWithHoneyAreCrumpetsWithBeeVomit
You don't need a fucking geography class to teach you geography though do you? It's called a map, news and having an inquisitive mind about the affairs of the world you inhabit. It's also called being an adult. Hot tip: no one has a geography class AFTER THEIR LAST GEOGRAPHY CLASS because no one is at school forever. Yet somehow, somehow, people still manage to know stuff! Crazy concept, I know.
TheWombatStrikesAgain
Well, there's two Sudans now. Because sometimes you just can't have enough of a bad thing.
stryhf
At the rate the RSF have been going (with UAE funding), we might have 3 in a few years.
BagOfHammers58
And what about Rhodesia and Upper Volta?
Acquiredtaste
African history... Remember Idi Amin? Or the emperor Bokassa?
00110001001001111010000110110110011
That sounds like you aren’t paying attention to world events. Common mistake. There is a wider world than your local area.
stegdoza
Imagine being downvoted for this... crazy how muricans work
00110001001001111010000110110110011
Yeah it’s wild. Yes I said a dickish thing but people also need to pay attention to events outside of their own bubble. They can’t claim ignorance when they have chosen to remain ignorant.
GoDBacks
And, Istanbul was Constantinople
Ajierene
Now it's Istanbul, not Constantinople
JustinArnold
Why did Constantinople get the works?
LizLemonDifficult
That's nobody's business but the Turks
Evi1Gav
Yugoslavia is one of two countries I've visited that no longer exist. The other being West Germany.
TheMuellmann
West Germany keeps on existing, but is (and was) actually called Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Federal Republic Germany) or BRD for short. Eastern Germany was really called Deutsche Demokratische Republik (German Democratic Republic) or DDR. The latter re-joined the BRD in 1990.
jesuisgur
It would be more correct to say the East Germany doesn't exist anymore as it merged *into* West Germany and simply got renamed. Nothing much changed for west germans.
losersmanual
You most likely know it as Myanmar, but it will always be Burma to me.
grandfalloon
This motherfucker out here killing countries!
truthader
That’s pretty cool. Passport stamps?
Evi1Gav
Yugoslavia I was 10 and this predates having passports for children, so anything would have been on my parents passport. West Germany I think I was 15, would have been in 86/7, I have misplaced so many old passports since then.
ope1
Right? I was joking in the chat about naming all the African countries next time we hang out. One of the homies busted out some two word proper name I had never heard of.
BananaForScaIe
WTF HAPPENED TO ZAIRE?!
somnif
Its dictator was deposed in a civil war, so now it's the "Democratic Republic of Congo"
Bubble181
Then went back to Zaire, to Kongo, and to Congo. I might get the time line mixed up a bit.
BananaForScaIe
Oh, okay, well that's ... Thanks :) #UninformedBanana
somnif
Yeah, the dude's story is... intense https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko
Ririq
Mocking someone for asking a question is a big nono in my opinion. Even if it's a question you think is dumb, just answer it and educate them. Don't mock people for trying to genuinely seek knowledge.
Toiletpro4
Mostly agree. But the insult was pretty funny and demographically poignant.
HavelTh3Rock
I feel like the only questions "okay" to mock are those asked in bad faith.
clankthegray
Damn straight, because then they'll be less likely to actually try to educate themselves in the future. We can all see how uneducated ppl be acting right now....
kgbofficer
They're just one of that day's 10,000 https://xkcd.com/1053/
DaHayHay
Yes!
2dogsfing
And if they mispronounce a word , don’t mock them , it means they’re reading that word and haven’t heard it in conversation.
mikeatike
Me listening to a fantasy or scifi audiobook that ive already read.
MuttMinder
I am in this comment. And I'm fine with it.
CaptMinion
This is me exactly the time I first saw the words "hors d'oeuvres". Heard it numerous times before. Never saw it.
aGoatinaBoat
I don’t upvote as often as I should. But this gets one. I like the mindset.
FishieStardust
I knew about Zaire because of Carmen Sandiego
QueueTee
First time I heard about this...i learned something new today
EmptyHouseBurglar
Thanks Rockapella
Cactus21
Where in the world is she these days?
BananaForScaIe
CECOT, probably.
Frederf
Believe it or not, Tony Hawk.
WienerFart
She has a game coming out next month. It looks awful, and she's a hero now for some reason
somnif
Has anyone checked San Diego recently?
extraDimensionalAnxiety
Ohhh. Sorry to break it to you but it hasn't been called San Diego in a long while. It's now called South Francisco.
IamNoneOfTheThingsISayIam
That’s where she WANTS you to check!
ourari
Last I head she was with Waldo.
ourari
heard*
frankmanhattan
That would be so lovely!
bearstrap
A friend has a globe with East Germany on it
zFUBARz
Me too! But I don't actually use of anything besides looking cool. It was my dad's when he was a teenager
chris16447
I started school in the very early 90s and got one of the maps they had to throw out. I just wish I knew where it went in the intervening years.
mikeatike
I had this one from somewhere between 1948 and the mid 50s as a kid. (In the 90s)
Wish I still had it so I can ide the "map date game" to nail it down to a specific uear.
DrivingTheBus
My globe I got for Christmas in 4th grade had East and West Germany, as well as Yugoslavia, and Zaire.
BjrnGodi
Should keep it. Many east germans want to separate again so who knows what happens in the future.
pete8772
I have my great uncle’s globe, and it has Siam, East Pakistan, and Belgian Congo, among many others. Crazy stuff.
brassmule
I bet it cost him a hand and a leg.
swofromtherock
I used to watch a guy on Tiktok that dated globes based on this type of information.
SpeakerToLampposts
As usual, there's a relevant xkcd: https://xkcd.com/1688/
bearstrap
NICE
Belgian Congo? Oh gods that's so fucked up I love it.
Acquiredtaste
With all these countries, it's called a great grandglobe.
ionicseraph
There was an east pakistan?
pete8772
It’s Bangladesh now.
SpeakerToLampposts
I have an atlas that was printed during world war 2; parts of Europe don't have borders, so much as fronts.
RyvaTheRenamon
Oh man I'd love to actually get one of those
RonnieSoak
I have an encyclopedia that doesn't even mention World War II
bearstrap
I used to have a nine-volume series of books about WWI that was published in 1932 titled "Annals of the Great War"
zFUBARz
I hope it made it to some sort of collection or library and not just the garbage.
RonnieSoak
This encyclopedia doesn't have a publishing date, I vaguely remember narrowing it down to somewhere between 1939 and 1935. I should dig it out and take another look
00110001001110010011100000110100
Do you really think an US student could spell both variants correctly?
FanBladeFleshlight
They can recite gun load outs, parts, calibers, and field strip an AR-15 blindfolded at the lunch table, why would they need to remember the name of a country unless they're gonna get to bomb it?
MagnumRadhard
AN US https://media2.giphy.com/media/v1.Y2lkPWE1NzM3M2U1enIyMjc0NHI0OXNhdjVxcTNsMmxhbjh5bHhjdXY0dWk2aTJhcnJjOSZlcD12MV9naWZzX3NlYXJjaCZjdD1n/3otO6LhYv5X0kyiuZO/200w.webp
threepotatoesinatrenchcoat
All I know is they're both USSR commies!
Jorwhore
AvidApostate
To be fair, it's on most of our maps as the Czech Republic, not Czechia. Though, I doubt very many of us could tell you that it's north of Austria, south of Germany/Poland, and west of Slovakia. That's where the other half of Czechoslovakia went, into their own county.
AvidApostate
Not to be confused with Slovenia, south of Hungary, which is where our illegal immigrant first lady is from.
eastend666
Both? How about either?
00110001001110010011100000110100
n
DarthVaderDidNothingWrong
Spell check? Sorry, spell Czech?
MuffinProof
Spell cheque*
00110001001110010011100000110100
We called it the Sudetenland once but it was just an excuse + the polish radio station was really bad.
DarthVaderDidNothingWrong
German radio station
00110001001110010011100000110100
German speaking but anyway on the wrong side and a lot of that followed.
CALAMOSCOPYJANE
Doobiedog
*a US student
(No worries, US schools are bad at teaching grammar and syntax)
MagnumRadhard
Man, this is embarrassing.
00110001001110010011100000110100
aeiou, did I lean your your language wrong or is US student just a another big fucking new exception from all previous rules?
CommunCreator
It’s all about the pronunciation. One would say “a ‘yoo-ess’ student”, not “an uhss student”
Also, when I graduated high school, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia still existed. In fact I wrote up a quiz for my sister’s elementary school class about the new national capitals. Mostly because I wanted to get all the kids to say ‘Ljubljana’
00110001001110010011100000110100
You gotta be kidding me.
CommunCreator
Welcome to the English language: 3 weasels wrapped in a trench coat mugging other languages for their vocabulary.
AdamantOcelot
I always learned that "an" gets used if the following word is pronounced starting with a vowel sound, regardless of spelling. "US" is normally said letter by letter ("yu es"), and so starts with a "y" sound, which isn't a vowel. Exceptions sometimes work in the opposite direction as well, like "an hour".
schmonday
Not a vowel except when it's pronounced as an i. Then it's a vowel. Unless it isn't.
KremlinOfAges
davefleming19903
U in this instance is pronounced with a Y sound first, a US student is correct. Just like an hour, it depends on the sound
00110001001110010011100000110100
a US student is correct? the u doesn't count in this instance? Is this a wwII relict?
Blunderwriter
US is like each letter is it’s own word. U and S - English is a fun language at times.
RevengeIsIceCream
It depends on how the word is pronounced, not how it's spelled. It's not pronounced "us", but "yu ess", which means "a yu ess".